Grave's disease: Due to cancer of the thyroid gland, due to development of nodules of the thyroid glands, or due to autoimmunity, the rate of synthesis and secretion of the thyroid hormones is increased to abnormally high levels leading to a condition called hyperthyroidism which adversely affects the body physiology. It leads to Grave’s disease or exophthalmic goiter. It causes weight loss, increased metabolism, rapid reflexes, nervousness, etc.

Diabetes mellitus: It is caused due to insulin deficiency or hypofunctioning of beta cells of Islets of Langerhans of the pancreas. Urine is sweet to taste due to the presence of sugar. Due to the presence of sugar, there is failure in normal osmotic reabsorption of water by kidney tubules.

Diabetes insipidus: It is caused due to deficiency of ADH or hypofunctioning of the pituitary. Sugar is generally absent in urine. Absence of ADH decreases the permeability of collecting tubule.

Addison's disease: It is caused due to hypofunctioning of adrenal or suprarenal glands or due to deficiency of cortisol and sometimes aldosterone too.