Calcium is required by the meristematic and differentiating tissues for cell wall formation as it is an important component of middle lamella as calcium pectate. It is also needed during for synthesis of the mitotic spindle. Necrosis refers to the death of tissues resulting in the deficiency of elements like calcium, magnesium, copper, potassium.

Delayed flowering results in the deficiency of elements like nitrogen, sulfur and molybdenum. Molybdenum is a component of various enzymes like nitrogenase and nitrate reductase (both involved in nitrogen metabolism). 

Chlorine is absorbed along with  Na⁺ and  K⁺. It also determines the solute concentration and the anion–cation balance in cells. Mn, Cl and Ca are involved in the photolysis of water leading to oxygen evolution.

Iron is an important constituent of ferredoxin and cytochromes (proteins involved in the transfer of electrons). It is required in larger amounts in comparison to the other micronutrients. Chlorosis is the loss of chlorophyll leading to yellowing of leaves. Deficiency of elements nitrogen, potassium, magnesium, sulfur, iron, manganese, zinc and molybdenum causes chlorosis.