Mond's process involves the combination of carbon monoxide with nickel readily and reversibly and gives nickel tetracarbonyl. This process is used to extract and purify nickel.

The Van Arkel technique is used to refine Zirconium or Titanium. Impurities found in Zirconium or Titanium in the form of nitrogen and oxygen are eliminated using this technique.

Copper is purified by electrolysis. Electricity is passed through solutions containing copper compounds, such as copper sulphate. The anode (positive electrode ) is made from impure copper and the cathode (negative electrode) is made from pure copper.

Mercury and zinc are purified by distillation method. Liquation is a metallurgical method to remove lead containing silver from copper and remove antimony minerals from ore.